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• UTERUS, DISEASES OF Absence or defects of the uterus Rarely, the UTERUS may be completely absent as a result of abnormal development. In such patients secondary sexual development is normal but MENSTRUATION is…
• PREGNANCY AND LABOUR Pregnancy The time when a woman carries a developing baby in her UTERUS. For the first 12 weeks (the first trimester) the baby is known as an EMBRYO, after which…
• RECTUM, DISEASES OF The following are described under their separate dictionary entries: FAECES; HAEMORRHOIDS; FISTULA; DIARRHOEA; CONSTIPATION. Imperforate anus, or absence of the anus, may occur in newly born children, and the condition…
• BONE, DISORDERS OF Bone is not an inert scaffolding for the human body. It is a living, dynamic organ, being continuously remodelled in response to external mechanical and chemical influences and acting as…
• UTERUS A hollow, triangular organ, flattened from front to back, the lower angle (or cervix) commincates through a narrow opening (the os uteri) with the VAGINA. The uterus or womb is…
• CUCURBITS CucurbitaceaeThe family Cucurbitaceae includes a large group of plants which are medicinally valuable. The important genera belonging to the family are Trichosanthes, Lagenaria, Luffa, Benincasa, Momordica, Cucumis, Citrullus, Cucurbita, Bryonopsis…
• OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, MEDICINE AND DISEASES Occupational health The effect of work on human health, and the impact of workers’ health on their work. Although the term encompasses the identification and treatment of specific occupational diseases,…
• MENSTRUATION A periodic change occurring in (female) human beings and the higher apes, consisting chiefly in a flow of blood from the cavity of the womb (UTERUS) and associated with various…
• MENTAL ILLNESS Defined simply, this is a disorder of the brain’s processes that makes the sufferer feel or seem ill, and may prevent that person from coping with daily life. Psychiatrists –…
• CANCER The general term used to refer to a malignant TUMOUR, irrespective of the tissue of origin. ‘Malignancy’ indicates that (i) the tumour is capable of progressive growth, unrestrained by the…
• TEETH Hard organs developed from the mucous membranes of the mouth and embedded in the jawbones, used to bite and grind food and to aid clarity of speech. Structure Each tooth…
• SPLEEN An organ deeply placed in the abdomen and a major constituent of the RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM. Position and size The spleen lies behind the stomach, high up on the left side…
• SEX CHROMOSOMES In humans there are 23 pairs of CHROMOSOMES. Male and female differ in respect of one pair. In the nucleus of female cells, the two members of the pair are…
• EYE The eye is the sensory organ of sight. It is an elaborate photoreceptor detecting information, in the form of light, from the environment and transmitting this information by a series…
• ABORTION Abortion is defined as the expulsion of a FETUS before it is normally viable, usually before 24 weeks of pregnancy. (There are exceptional cases nowadays in which fetuses as young…
• BACKACHE Most people suffer from backache at times during their lives, much of which has no identifiable cause – non-specific back pain. This diagnosis is one of the biggest single causes…
• EYE, DISORDERS OF Arcus senilis The white ring or crescent which tends to form at the edge of the cornea with age. It is uncommon in the young, when it may be associated…
• HAEMORRHOIDS Haemorrhoids, or piles, are varicose (swollen) veins in the lining of the ANUS. They are very common, affecting nearly half of the UK population at some time in their lives,…
• ENDOMETRIOSIS The presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. The endometrium is the mucus membrane inner lining of the uterus, with glandular cells and structural cells, both responding to estrogen…
• LIVER The liver is the largest gland in the body, serving numerous functions, chiefly involving various aspects of METABOLISM. Form The liver is divided into four lobes, the greatest part being…